Was The American Revolution Revolutionary - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 596 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/04/26 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: American Revolution Essay Did you like this example? I am leaning more towards the American Revolution being both revolutionary as well as conservative. After the French and Indian war, Britain gained territory in North American, but was also in financial turmoil due to the war. Because of this, Britain began taxing the colonies, tremendously. Taxes, such as the Townshends Act and the Stamp act were placed upon them, unfairly because the colonists were not allowed representation in regards to their views or oppositions of such issues. They did not want taxation without representation as Mr. James Otis stated. And at every turn, the British were placing other Acts upon the colonies: The Navigation Act, the Sugar Act, the Quartering Act, and so forth. The colonists basically had to pay for their protection by providing housing to British soldiers, put in place by British Parliament. As stated in our history book America: A Narrative History, What Americans most feared in the late eighteenth century was the governmental abuse of power (pg. 245). And, from what I have learned, they did suffer from governmental abuse. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Was The American Revolution Revolutionary" essay for you Create order They were under British rule by their mother country, however they were not treated like British citizens. The colonists revolted, breaking free from Britain. Once the American Revolution was won, the colonists, or rather Americans, no longer had to fear governmental abuse from Britain. America was now her own country, allowing its citizens to follow the the pursuit of happiness which included ideas such as every man is created equal and individuals had an equal opportunity to prosper. It also meant that individuals had freedoms, such as freedom of religion. I believe that this is where the idea of conservative comes into play (though I could very well be wrong in my understanding). The colonists were already living by their ideas (the previously mentioned) but were being held down by Britain. However, now that America was her own country, the people could now live by these ideas. And a government also needed to be formed. Questions such as who would hold power, what would the relation be between each state as well as to the national government, and what was required of this government in order to see to the success of this now independent nation, needed to be answered (America: A narrative History, pg. 247). And no, lives were not changed overnight, and unfortunately, there were many struggles. America was facing debt after the war without a stable currency. At first taxes were not in place, but when taxes were eventually put in place to help pay the debt owed by America, the people protested (especially when taxes paid were more than that of when they were under British rule). The Land Ordinance Act of 1786 gave the right to vote, hold office, and write constitutions to adult white males only. The Northwest Ordinance Act of 1787 involved banning slavery north of the Ohio River (except for those that were already enslaved). This Act also promised that land would not be taken from the Indians, but that promise was broken, many times. Reading Shays Rebellion, we see that the poor man became even more poor (particularly farmers) when they could not pay the taxes that were imposed on them. So, no, unfortunately powers of positions did not change for many. However, delegates began working on the Constitution and laying out plans for a new government that would include a president, not a king. References Shi, David Emory, Tindall, George Brown (2016). America: A Narrative History (10E, Vol I). (page 245). Shi, David Emory, Tindall, George Brown (2016). America: A Narrative History (10E, Vol I). (page 247).

The Crucible By John Hale - 1368 Words

English: Crucible Essay Reverend Hale Mr. Hale is a man nearing forty, a tight-skinned, eager-eyed intellectual. He is a minister from Beverly who has been summoned to Salem by Reverend Parris to investigate his daughter Betty and whether or not there really is witchcraft in Salem. If he finds there to be witchcraft he would then exterminate it by any means necessary, such as conversion or removing the infected inhabitants all together. Hale devotes himself to his faith and his work. His good intentions and sincere desire to help the afflicted motivate him, and when he gets to Salem he wants nothing more than to get to the bottom of this situation and come out the hero. Unfortunately, this also makes him vulnerable. His desire for discovering witchcraft allows others, particularly Abigail, to manipulate him. Nonetheless, Hale s perspective does not stay constant throughout the entire play. In The Crucible, the beliefs and principles of Reverend John Hale change dramatically, as the events of the Salem Witch Trials cause him to question his moral values and initial intentions. In the beginning of the book, before the Salem Witch Trials even occurred, Reverend Hale arrives in Salem with a concrete commitment to authority. He comes to Salem with a determined objective to investigate the situation and to use his expertise in witchcraft to aid the people of Salem in their bedlam. He is not only considered an expert in witchcraft, but he also considers himself an expert inShow MoreRelatedThe Character of John Proctor, Elizabeth and Reverend Hale in The Crucible647 Words   |  3 PagesThe definition of crucible, or at least one of them, is a severe test or trial. This is definitely a fitting name for the Salem witch trials based play, as dealing with the hysteria and unjust courts of Salem is a severe trial in its self. However, the characters were also tested by their own ability to choose between right, wrong, or the most beneficial actions. From the main characters to all of the town’s people, they must all decide between what is best for them or eve ryone, living in sorrowRead MoreThe Crucible: John Proctor and John Hale - Good Citizen vs. Good Perso1002 Words   |  5 PagesThe Crucible: John Proctor and John Hale - Good Citizen vs. Good Person In The Crucible, Arthur Miller portrays the two main characters, John Proctor and Reverend John Hale as good men. The term good men in this play is ambiguous. Reverend John Hale was a good man in the sense of being the perfect and good citizen of Massachusetts in the 1600 s. He was pious, adherent to the laws and beliefs, and a good Puritan Christian. John Proctor, on the contrary would not be considered the greatestRead MoreSalem Witch Trials and True Essence1123 Words   |  5 PagesCrucible Essay Throughout the novel The Crucible, Arthur Miller describes how being put thought the Salem witch trials of 1692 brought out the true essence of various characters. Arthur Miller shows that the various victims who were put through trials would confess to save themselves and also the difficulties they had to face during their trial period. Characters like John Proctor, Giles Corey, and Reverend Hale were put through different kinds of trials each different from the others. EachRead MoreTwo Diverse Meanings in the Play, The Crucible1150 Words   |  5 PagesA crucible has two diverse meanings: a vessel used for melting substances that require a high degree of heat or a severe test or trial. The play, The Crucible, uses both definitions in unison to show the fiery atmosphere of the Salem Witch Trials and the severity of the trials. Three primary characters involved in the scorching environment of the Salem Witch Trials are Elizabeth Proctor, Reverend Hale, and John Proctor. Sinc e The Crucible entitles that people are going to go through a test and receiveRead MoreAnalysis Of Arthur Miller s The Crucible 1732 Words   |  7 Pagespresents itself to the characters Reverend Parris, Reverend Hale, and John Proctor forces them to reflect upon themselves and ultimately change the nature of how the deal with conflict in the world. II. Biographical Arthur Miller was a controversial playwright during the 1950’s and 60’s, note because of the material that he choose to write about, but because of the events that took place surrounding one of his best works: The Crucible. One of his friends and a fellow playwright Elia KazanRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1070 Words   |  5 PagesAugustin Eichwald Mrs. Hillsey English III-G 23 November 2014 Definition Essay: The Crucible Strange and peculiar happenings occur in The Crucible, a play by Arthur Miller. In this story of hypocrisy, guilt, and revenge, innocent people are accused of the bizarre crime of witchcraft. In Salem, Massachusetts, hysteria sets in among every person over fear of being accused of these shocking accusations. Each and every person experiences a severe test or trial in order to live to see another day. InRead MoreEssay On The Crucible924 Words   |  4 PagesThe Crucible Essay Rough Draft A crucible is a container which is heated to separate impurities mainly from metals and sometimes other substances. Arthur Miller’s play, The Crucible, takes place in a quiet Massachusetts town known as Salem. Rumors of witchcraft, however have unfortunately left the townspeople susceptible to blame one another. A quiet town virtually turned in a mad haven for blame, revenge, and dark satisfaction overnight. The reader witnesses all of these events unfold as they delveRead MoreElizabeth Proctor Character Analysis1484 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout the story of â€Å"The Crucible,† Elizabeth proctor is constantly put under severe tests that impact both her character and others that are close to her. Much like many other characters from the story, Elizabeth discovers the faults in herself and how they furthered the hysteria of witchcraft in Salem and surrounding communities. Elizabeth undergoes several ordeals that directly influence her as a person, and she grows and develops along with the story of â€Å"The Crucible.† All of theses tests displayRead MoreAnalysis Of Abigail Williams In The Crucible By Arthur Miller886 Words   |  4 Pagesplay, The Crucible, is based off the Salem witch trials that took place in the 1600’s. In The Crucible many characters are introduced to the readers as well as their relationships and interactions with other characters. Miller allows you, as a reader, to feel the emotions each character is feeling, and mostly the chemistry between them. Two characters in the play that had an extreme change of heart toward each other were Abigail Williams and John Proctor. In the beginning of the play John and AbbyRead MoreThe Crucible Character Analysis736 Words   |  3 PagesIn Arthur Miller’s The Crucible, the people of Salem, Massachusetts experience several â€Å"bizarre supernatural events† that really highlight these characters’ morality. A morality play is a kind of drama with personified abstract qualities as the main characters and presenting a lesson about good conduct and character. The Crucible dramatizes good and evil to give rationale of these characters’ true intentions. The â€Å"good† characters in the play are portrayed as Reverend Hale, Elizabeth, Mr. Parris

Essential Life-hacks for International students Free Essays

Life can be hard as an international student – with lectures to go to, bills to pay, and parents to speak to – it’s hard to stay on top of your studies. But students are resourceful, and they find ways to get the most out of whatever is around them – here are a few essential life-hacks for any student! 1.If you find reading English hard – leave yourself a sweet incentive. We will write a custom essay sample on Essential Life-hacks for International students or any similar topic only for you Order Now Mark each paragraph with a sweet to give yourself a reward for finishing another section, and to provide an incentive to finish the whole chapter! This is a great way to force yourself to read, especially if you struggle to read English. 2. If you struggle to understand your lecturers – record you lectures! You can use a program like Audacity or VLC media player to do this on your PC, or record them with you iPhone. You can then play the lecture back to yourself at a slower speed. This is a great way to also improve your English. Also, when crunched for time, listen to recorded lectures at double the speed! 3. If you’re dyslexic, there’s a special font called Dyslexie that could help you read more easily. Sometimes reading and writing English can be tough, especially if you are an ESL student. However this can be even tougher if you are dyslexic. Dyslexie makes things a little easier. Read more about it here. 4. If you are struggling to read the book, watch the film! If you are an ESL student then reading English books can be hard and time consuming. Luckily for you in the 21st century, there are loads of films and documentaries on all kinds of things. For example, for history and anthropology classes, watch a documentary on the topic, it’ll help you have a deeper understanding of the material. If no documentaries exist, open up YouTube and do a search on the topic. 5. Take notes in English. It might be tempting to try and write your notes in your own language; but forcing yourself to write your notes in English not only helps to improve your English skills, but it forces you to concentrate and focus. This is a proven way to improve the amount you remember and helps when you go to revision as you will remember more clearly the points that you had to focus to write. 6. Write down words you don’t understand in different colours This will act as a prompt for you to look up difficult words when you check over your notes. This will help to expand your English vocabulary and will also help you to gain a better understanding of your subject. Using coloured pens will fire up your visual memory. It also looks pretty and makes taking notes more enjoyable. 7. Google â€Å"site:edu [subject] exam† to find many different exam notes featuring problems pertaining to that subject. 8. Try an online interactive flash card site Flashcards are proven way to improve your memory, your English, and to generally help you get higher marks. There are loads of websites around that allow you to create your own flashcards and some where you can use ones that other people studying the same subject have already made. A popular site that we like is Quizlet. 9. When giving a presentation, set up a friend to ask you a question that you already know the answer to. It’s a great way to a) look like you know what you’re talking about b) boost your confidence. Being able to confidently answer your friend’s question will impress the whole class, and your lecturer! 10. Use our site!! The best thing you can do to really hack being an international student studying in the UK is to use our site’ Essay and Dissertation writing services. our site has worked with 1000s of international students and has helped them to achieve outstanding marks in any number of subjects. Head over to http://www.our site.com to see how you can get the best possible marks in your degree. How to cite Essential Life-hacks for International students, Essay examples

The Jenny Craig Diet System free essay sample

An analysis of the major components of the Jenny Craig Diet plan. This paper examines the different aspects of Jenny Craig Inc. and its highly successful diet plan in order to determine its overwhelming international success. The paper outlines the plans philosophy, including the importance of healthy eating, exercise and lifestyle changes. The author discusses the regular meetings that each client attends, the one-on-one consultations, structured eating program, supplements and stringent calorie requirements. The paper points out that this program is extremely structured and that the counselors undergo many hours of training including weekly and monthly sessions with medical personnel. The paper feels that this has contributed to its success, but does point out that, due to the highly structured nature of the program, many people fail to maintain their successes after they leave the confines of the centers program. Jenny Craig emphasizes the essentials of activity and an active life. We will write a custom essay sample on The Jenny Craig Diet System or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It stresses that regular physical activity is the top factor in losing and maintaining body weight. And when one is active, metabolism increases, more calories are burned and muscle mass maintained. those who become active tend to prefer healthy foods. And when ones lifestyle is active, the common consequences are improved immune function, better hormone balance, and reduced risk to heart disease, diabetes and osteoporosis. Because of the increased energy and improved self-esteem, such clients or members begin or lead an active lifestyle.

Causes And Effects Of Abortion Essay Example

Causes And Effects Of Abortion Paper Introduction: Abortion means expiration of gestation – it can either be self-generated or induced. Spontaneous is known as abortion, while induced merely means expiration of a gestation which is planned. Recently, the statistics have shown an addition in abortion rate twelvemonth after twelvemonth. Abortion can do by societal, economic or pregnant adult females wellness status as good. However, it will take to a figure of negative consequence toward pregnant women’ wellness, and societal as excessively. Abortion is an activity banned in certain state, such as North Carolina and Hawaii (Countrywide abortion process prohibitionupdate1998 ) . This activity can specify as a expiration of gestation ; it can be either self-generated or induced. Spontaneous is known as abortion, while induced merely means that expiration of a gestation which is planned (Abortion2001 ) . The latest statistics have shown an addition in abortion rate twelvemonth by twelvemonth, it is unfavourable fact. It can do by societal, economic or pregnant adult females wellness status as good. However, it will take to a figure of negative effects toward pregnant woman’s wellness and societal excessively. We will write a custom essay sample on Causes And Effects Of Abortion specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Causes And Effects Of Abortion specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Causes And Effects Of Abortion specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Social issue can be one of the large factors which cause abortion rate addition twenty-four hours after twenty-four hours, such as offense act. We are unable to deny that the frequence of offense instances in our state is somewhat high. There is a existent instance which takes topographic point in the old month, April, which a pupil from Kolej Tunku Abdul Rahman ( Ktar ) was rape by the college’s security guard, the victim is merely 18 old ages old, because of this bad experience, the victim it will be confront with long term influence, which mean that she will non merely impact in the facet of physically but besides physiology, and it likely need to take some clip to bring around towards the bad incident and unfortunate. For those gestations result from colza or insect, these adult females who are victims of the assaults frequently seen abortions (Abortion- Reasons for abortions2007 ) . Incest can be defined as sexual dealingss between individuals who are so closely related t hat their matrimony is illegal or forbidden by usage (Incest2001 ) . The chance of the foetus get from incest will be malformation is somewhat high because the parties may hold blood-relation between themselves. Most of the adult females, nevertheless, decide to hold an abortion because the gestation will represents a job in their hereafter and current lives every bit good. Besides that, there is besides an grounds abounds that a high proportion of adult females become pregnant accidentally, in both developed and developing states. In the United States and in some Eastern European states for which informations are available, approximately on-half to three-fifths of all gestations are unintended, and a big proportion of these are resolved through abortion. And in many developing states, the proportion of recent births that are unintended exceeds 40 % . The degree of unintended gestation for developing states would be even higher if more accurate abortion information were available, s ince most abortions represent, by definition, unintended gestations (Reasons why adult females have induced abortions: grounds1998 ) . Education degree in a certain state may impact the thought of the abortion pattern in the public head. However, lower degree of instruction perchance will promote the people enter into a insouciant sexual relationship which will leads to pregnancy with no chance of matrimony. Even if the sexual relationship is more than insouciant, abortion is may be needed because a adult female decides that the societal position of the male is improper (Abortion- Reasons for abortions2007 ) . Sexually active adolescents are at an immediate hazard of going pregnant or geting a sexually familial infection. Young sexually active teens are much less likely than older teens to utilize contraceptive method systematically, nevertheless, the huge bulk of teenage gestations are unintended, and near to half of those inadvertent gestations which is 45 % terminal in an abortio n. Teenss may take to hold an abortion because they have concerns about how the babe would alter their lives, for illustration finishing their instruction, and they will worry about the fiscal jobs, or they feel that they are non mature plenty to go a parent, abortion degrees can worsen if the high rate of unintended gestations is reduced or if more pregnant teens are transporting their gestation to term (Adolescent abortions2003 ) . In add-on, immature pregnant adult females will be short of experience in taking attention the babe, and so they besides unable to anticipate the baby’s subsequently life, because of that, they may make up ones mind to end the gestation instead than transport on the foetus. In certain state, such as China, they have carried out a policy which the authorities tend to command the population in their state, which is one kid per household policy, this policy was using in twelvemonth 1980 (Abortion in China2001 ) . Introduction of this policy has cont ributed to the increased quickly in the figure of abortion and there are studies show that forced abortions are uncommon presents. In several alone fortunes, the gestation adult females can be legalising by obtaining the blessing from the population governments. Therefore, those adult females who are from urban country in China show higher possibility to achieve the permission to transport more than a kid (Illegal births and legal abortion – the instance of China2005 ) . Besides, abortion is a legal pattern in Brazil if it is the lone means to salvage the woman’s life or if the gestation is the consequence of colza. Although this has been the jurisprudence for over 60 old ages, it has about neer been applied until recent old ages. In the past five old ages, the figure of infirmaries supplying attention to adult females victims of sexual force has increased from 4 to 63, of which 40 people are presently supplying legal abortion (Making legal abortion accessible in Brazi l2002 ) . Furthermore, status of an economic in certain state will give an impact to the statistic of abortion in a state, such as during unemployment, rising prices and deflation. A merely define that rising prices is where a state of affairs that ‘too much money trailing excessively few goods’ , and this will act upon straight toward the distribution attack in the market (Inflation2000 ) . On the other manus, unemployment is where a state of affairs the worker wants to work, but is unable to work and it may hold advantages every bit good as disadvantages for the overall economic system, notably, it may assist turn away from rising prices, which will negatively impact about everyone in the economic system (Unemployment2007 ) . During a high unemployment rate, there will be recession in market, which the employee will confront fiscal trouble to afford an extra kid and every bit good as the parents and the bing kids. If this happen, the pregnant adult females will believe about whe ther they should transport on or end the gestation. In contrast, while there is roar in the economic, and so there will be a different pick on the pregnant adult females. While sometimes the parents will do a determination to take on an abortion, where there is a chance in their calling and they are unwilling to give the cherished chance. Some will believe the parents are barbarous and selfish, but we are non them and we will non cognize the state of affairs and feeling on them. Yet, economic roar will advance international concern in the state, and the people will derive benefit through it, such as advanced in engineering. International concerns encourage exchange of cognition and experience between the states, and it will construct good relation between states. As we know, Japan ever following and possessing the progress engineering and technique among the states ; many people in our state are fancy to acquire trained from them. Unable to deny that, failure rate in our state have been minimized by the advancing of medical technique in our country’s which compare to old phase and presently the people are become more assurance with our country’s medical system, and technique and they are willing to transport out some high hazard operation, such as bosom operation. Recently, our state ex-prime curate has successfully done the bosom operation in Malaysia. Subsequent to this incident, some of the pregnant adult females will perchance more assurance, and fewer dying toward the possibility of failure in an abortion, and so they are able to do a quicker determination when they in the pick of either terminate or carry on the gestation. A worst wellness status of the pregnant adult females may non promote to transporting on the gestation, because there will be a hazard to the foetus and the pregnant adult females excessively. Womans who use drugs frequently will endure from serious wellness jobs, sexually transmitted diseases, and mental wellness jobs. Surveies have found that at least 70 per centum of adult females who are drug users have been sexually abused by the age of 16. Drugs usage is a serious wellness job for many grounds. Womans who use drugs may at the hazard of going infected with HIV, which it is a virus that causes AIDS. These viruses can be spread through acerate leaf used to shoot drugs. As a consequence, adult females who inject drugs and portion acerate leafs are particularly at the hazard. A female parent who uses drugs may perchance menace her life and her baby’s. When a pregnant adult female uses drugs, she and her unborn kid may confront serious wellness jobs. For case, during gestation , the drugs used by the female parent can come in the baby’s blood stream. The consequence on the babe can be HIV infection, AIDS, prematurely, low birth weight, little caput size, hapless motor accomplishments and behaviour jobs. The female parent who is go oning drug usage will set her kids at hazard for disregard, physical maltreatment and malnutrition (Pregnancy and drug usage2001 ) . In add-on, drug maltreatment may besides do scraggy babes, birth defects or backdown symptoms after birth. For those pregnant adult females who are infected with serious injuries of wellness, and they will be advice by physician which come to an terminal of the gestation instead than convey on, because the virus perchance will convey to the babe during gestation, labour and bringing, and through breastfeeding. If the pregnant adult females no take any preventative drugs and breastfeeds so the opportunity of her babe going infected by the virus is around 20-45 % (HIV AIDS A ; Pregnancy2007 ) . Although gestation is frequently portrayed as a clip of great joy, that is non world for all adult females. At least one in 10 pregnant adult females will be suffers with depression. For old ages, experts erroneously believed that gestation endocrines protected against depression, go forthing adult females more in danger to the unwellness merely after the babe was born and their endocrine degrees plunged. They now believe that the encephalon chemical science will be interrupt in the rapid addition in endocrine degrees at the start of gestation and lead to depression. Hormonal alterations will do the pregnant adult females experience more dying than usual. Anxiety is another status where that can and should be treated during gestation (Depression during gestation2005 ) . In these yearss, there are many immature adult females in high school or college find out themselves pregnant and they are confront with emotional troubles, which is due to that they are unprepared to come in pare ntage and raise a kid, or they are excessively immature to make so and non hold a dependable spouse with who to raise a kid. Besides that, they are required to take either go oning instruction which can last economically in their ulterior life or dropping out to hold the babe. Young twosomes who are merely get downing their lives together and want kids might prefer go financially unafraid first to supply better attention for their future kids. In add-on, the wellness of the babe will be affected if the pregnant adult females are covering with mentally troubles, such as anxiousness and emphasis. In contrast, status of a foetus during the gestation period will non merely due to mental unwellness of the pregnant adult females, the life style of the pregnant adult females will give a large impact toward the baby’s strength. For those pregnant adult females who take in intoxicant on a regular basis, smoking and any others bad wont will all supply a serious impact to the babe, whic h the possibility of carry an unnatural babe is highly high. While the pregnant adult females smoking during gestation period will go through nicotine and cancer-causing drugs to the babe and fume will besides maintain the babe from acquiring nourishment and raises the hazard of spontaneous abortion or premature birth. On the other manus secondhand fume exposure will do disease and premature decease in kids and grownup who do non smoke. For those kids who are exposed to secondhand fume are at increased in the hazard for sudden baby decease syndrome, ear jobs, and more terrible asthma (Health injuries from secondhand fume2007 ) . Alcohol can do life long physical and behavioural jobs in the kids, including Fetal Alcohol Syndrome ( FAS ) , which mean it will do the babe mental deceleration, unnatural facial characteristics, growing jobs, vision or hearing jobs, all this causes will be stopping points for a life clip, and there is no remedy for this. So, if the pregnant adult females a re making so, the wellness attention supplier can urge plans, such as abortion, to assist you discontinue and so the pregnant adult females and the babe will be better off (Pregnancy and substance maltreatment2007 ) . In contrast, relationship with hubby or spouse and household members will impact the pregnant adult females judgement. About all of the adolescent gestation, will non back up by their household members, because they believe that though of the adolescent gestation are still immature and they are unable to educate their kid in the right manner, due to this the household members will propose them to end the gestation. Because of resistance of the immature gestation will experience homeless and though of terminate the baby’s life even suicide. In add-on, if the relationship with spouse or hubby had broken up before or since gestation discovered it will as a consequence of why adult females have abortions (Reasons why adult females have abortions2002 ) . If there is a job in the relationship between pregnant adult females and the hubby or spouse and will take to the pregnant adult females decides to abort the kid because she does non desire to be a individual parent (Abortion: Professionals and cons1999 ) . On the other manus, if in a household which the hubby is lending the chief fiscal support, and one time they have broke up or divorce, the pregnant adult females may believe to abortion alternatively of transporting on which due to the gestation adult females will non be able to work for a certain period and so she will hold no sufficient fiscal support during and after gestation clip. Furthermore, abortion may besides do by the hubby or spouse or the pregnant adult females are in gaol or prison because misdemeanor of subject, which this incident is force to end the babe and non abort with willingness. In the sentiment of Pro-life people, they believed ‘psychological harm’ is one of the effects of abortion. They argue that adult females will acquire atrocious incubuss of their kids after they have abortion, and they will repent and experience guilty about their determination. They physical effects from the abortion normally appear in the hereafter, such as tubal gestation and asepsis. Peoples from the pro-life group have grounds that abortion can breast malignant neoplastic disease and the worst physical consequence is decease, it’s recoded that 200 adult females have died from legal abortion since 1973 (Abortion: Professionals and cons1999 ) . For those adult females who decide to take on an abortion, they must be willing to bear the effects after the abortion neither it is physiology nor psychological. The worst physical consequence is decease, in record, there are 200 adult females have died from legal abortion since 1973 (Abortion: Professionals and cons1999 ) . In add-on, about 60 per centum of adult females who experience of abortion followup a study with self-destructive ideation, with 28 per centum really trying suicide, of which half attempted suicide two or more times. Research workers in Finland have identifies a strong statistical association between abortion and self-destruction in a records based survey. They identified 73 self-destructions associated within one twelvemonth to a gestation stoping either of course or by induced abortion. The average one-year self-destruction rate for all adult females was 11.3 per 100,000. The suicide rate associated with birth was significantly lower at 5.9 per 100,000 (Aborti on hurts adult females psychologically and emotionally1999 ) . There is another instance where excessively much blood run off during abortion may take to both female parent and the babe or either one decease. There is a hazard in executing abortion, and if the pregnant adult females decide to take the hazard, and so she must lament to digest the deduction which due to abortion. Harmonizing to Cr. M. C. Pike, at University of Southern California in 1981, he has demonstrated a direct association of induced abortion with chest malignant neoplastic disease. He surveies 163 adult females who developed chest malignant neoplastic disease before age 33, and compared them with 272 controls. He showed that if a adult female had aborted her first gestation, her alteration of developing chest malignant neoplastic disease was increased by a factor of 2.4 times (Breast malignant neoplastic disease2006 ) . While there is another position with hazard of abortion, which in February 2003, the US Nati onal Cancer Institute ( NCI ) held a workshop of more than 100 of the world’s taking experts who study gestation and chest malignant neoplastic disease hazard. The experts’ appraisal bing human and carnal surveies on the relationship between gestation and chest malignant neoplastic disease hazard, including surveies of induced and self-generated abortions. Among their decision, chest malignant neoplastic disease hazard will increased after a term gestation, which is a gestation that consequences in the birth of populating kid or abort it (Can holding an abortion cause or contribute to chest malignant neoplastic disease2007 ) . In another word, chest malignant neoplastic disease may due to hormonal alterations during gestation ; moreover, alteration in endocrine will do the disableds of the neonate in ulterior gestations. Post abortion syndrome ( PAS ) is a term that has been used to depict the emotional and psychological cost of abortion, in order to get by with the em otional hurting that accompanies abortion ; adult female may develop a set of opposition mechanisms to support their determination. They may include rationalisation, repression, and compensation. Furthermore, there may hold several symptoms of PAS, where some will happen instantly after an abortion and other may take months or even old ages to come up. One of it is strong feeling of guilty, which is a normal reaction that normally surface after the adult female acknowledge that abortion is incorrect and that she is responsible for perpetrating her ain abortion (Physical and psychological complications of abortion2002 ) . For those who are experiencing highly guilty, they will reiterate and persistently dreams or even nightmare which is about the kid. In add-on, where a new research from New Zealand has confirmed that abortion well increases the hazard for mental wellness jobs, such as anxiousness and depression in immature adult females. Harmonizing to David Fergussen, psychological science professor, had found a comparative rate of mental health-related concerns, such as a inclination to suicide, and drug and intoxicant maltreatment were all significantly increased in adult females with a past history of abortion (New research supports abortion-mental wellness hazard claims2007 ) . A societal will squarely act upon 1s behavior, and there are some people who are reasoning that abortion is morally incorrect on the footing that a foetus is an guiltless homo being, nevertheless, there are still a group of people who are non agree with that (Abortion argument2007 ) . If a society allows the people to transport out abortion lawfully, the peace in a state will be affected, because the people will now go more barbarous and unethical, which they will neer experience any guilty after the making any offense act, such as abortion, and so the society will be panic. On the other manus, the acting of offense will increase unconsciously due to the immorality of the human. Besides that, in the underdeveloped state, there may perchance originate an incident where the citizens are deficiency of information about the sexually intercourse, therefore the people there are incognizant sing the cause and consequence of abortion and insouciant sexual pattern. Because of the ignorant, wi ll confidence the populace to transport out insouciant sexual relationship among the adolescents. Furthermore, this will hike up in the of infection venereal disease due to violence in sexual activity, such as AIDS, which are common in these yearss (Nine grounds why abortions should be illegal2001 ) . In drumhead, issues arise in societal, economic and wellness status of pregnant adult females will do an abortion activity taking topographic point. Besides, the will be some specific impact which due to the abortion. Crime rate in a state is somewhat related to the abortion, because gestation consequence from colza will be an unwanted kid, and the pregnant adult females will make up ones mind to abort it. Additionally, knowing in a certain state will impact the thought of abortion in the populace, and regulation and ordinances of a state will give an impact to the people as good. However, inclination of economic will exemplify in the rate of the abortion rate, for illustration, during high unemployment rate, the abortion rate will travel high every bit good, and it may due to the fiscal job which will face by the household subsequently. Next, engineering progressing in a state, will promote the people to take on an abortion, because the hazard of failure can be minimize, and so thei r concern. In fact, lifestyle and wellness status of pregnant adult females are linked, for case, those adult females who are drug maltreatment will show an impact toward the foetus, which is a life long impact. Abortion may take topographic point where there is a affair arise either with hubby or household member and it will act upon the esthesis of the pregnant adult females. Nonetheless, abortion could come along with the deduction either mentally or physiology or both fondness, such as experiencing guilty and depression. Besides that, they will besides be infected with chest malignant neoplastic disease, or even decease during or after the abortion. Subsequently, societal will besides be affected if the abortion carries out lawfully in a certain fatherland. As a decision, abortion will certainly take to a bad inclination in society, so authorities should play their function, which control the abortion activities, guarantee that, there is a good ground for abortion, and non the g round of experiencing funny toward sexual intercourse. Besides, pregnant adult females should aware about the cause and consequence of abortion and guarantee that you and your spouse are free from genital disease, which mean that carry out the sex in a safe status. R E F E R E N C E Abortion2001. Retrieved: October 31, 2007, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.answers.com/abortion Abortion argument2007. Retrieved: 2 November, 2007, from hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Abortion_debate # Ethical_debate Abortion hurts adult females psychologically and emotionally1999. Retrieved: 31 October, 2007, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.optionline.org/Fact % 20Sheet % 20on % 20abortion emotional % 20risks.pdf Abortion in China2001. Retrieved: October 28, 2007, fromhypertext transfer protocol: //www.abortiontv. com/Misc/ChinaAbortions.htm Abortion: Professionals and cons1999. Retrieved: 1 November, 2007, fromhypertext transfer protocol: //www.lclark. edu/~krauss/advwrf99/causeeffect/felixcause.html Abortion- Reasons for abortions2007. Retrieved: October 30, 2007, fromhypertext transfer protocol: //family. jrank.org/pages/2/Abortion-Reasons-Abortions.html Breast malignant neoplastic disease2006. Retrieved: 1 November, 2007, fromhypertext transfer protocol: //www.abortionfacts. com/online_books/love_them_both/why_cant_we_love_them_both_23.asp Can holding an abortion cause or contribute to chest malignant neoplastic disease2007. Retrieved: 31 October, 2007, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_6x_Can_Having_ an_ Abortion_Cause_or_Contribute_to_Breast_Cancer.asp Depression during gestation2005. Retrieved: 31 October, 2007, fromhypertext transfer protocol: //www.baby center.com/0_depression-during-pregnancy_9179.bc # articlesection0 Health injuries from secondhand fume2007. Retrieved: 1 November, 2007, from hypertext transfer protocol: //tobaccofreekids.org/research/factsheets/pdf/0103.pdf HIV AIDS A ; Pregnancy2007. Retrieved: 1 November, 2007, fromhypertext transfer protocol: //www.avert. org/pregnancy.htm Illegal births and legal abortion – the instance of China2005. Retrieved: October 28, 2007, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi? artid=1215519 Incest2001. Retrieved: November 1, 2007, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.answers.com/incest Inflation2000. Retrieved: October 31, 2007, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www2.resbank.co.za/internet/ Glossary.nsf/b551f2529ff409b742256b41004c6a7e/b6de54fdff3ee35442256b430 02f6fc7? OpenDocument Making legal abortion accessible in Brazil2002. Retrieved: October 29, 2007, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-94126274.html New research supports abortion-mental wellness hazard claims2007. Retrieved: 2 November, 2007, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.lifesite.net/ldn/2006/jan/06010507.html Nine grounds why abortions should be illegal2001. Retrieved: 31, October, 2007, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mrdata.net/books/9reasons.htm Countrywide abortion process prohibition update1998. Retrieved: October 31, 2007, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.now.org/issues/abortion/wisctalk.html # countrywide Physical and psychological complications of abortion2002. Retrieved: 31 October, 2007, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.leaderu.com/orgs/tul/pap1.html Pregnancy and drug usage2001. Retrieved: October 29, 2007, fromhypertext transfer protocol: //www.pregnancy. org/article.php? sid=1201 Pregnancy and substance maltreatment2007. Retrieved: 1 October, 2007, fromhypertext transfer protocol: //www.nlm. nih.gov/medlineplus/pregnancyandsubstanceabuse.html Reasons why adult females have abortions2002. Retrieved: 2 November, 2007, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.postabortionpaths.org.nz/ReasRisk.asp Reasons why adult females have induced abortions: grounds1998. Retrieved: October 29, 2007, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.guttmacher.org/pubs/journals/2411798.html Adolescent abortions2003. Retrieved: October 29, 2007, fromhypertext transfer protocol: //www.childtrendsdata bank.org/indicators/27TeenAbortions.cfm Unemployment2007. Retrieved: October 25, 2007, fromhypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia. org/wiki/Unemployment

maximilian I essays

maximilian I essays 1459-1519, heiliger rmischer Kaiser und deutscher Knig (1493-1519), Sohn und Nachfolger des heiligen rmischen Kaisers Frederick III. Als Kaiser strebte er, starke imperiale Fhrung wiederhzuerstellen und dringend bentigte administrative Verbesserungen im in zunehmendem Maße dezentralisierten Reich zu erffnen. in der inlndischen und fremden Politik jedoch opferte er die Interessen von Deutschland als Ganzes des aggrandizement des Besitzes Hapsburg. Expansion ber Krieg und Verbindung Verbindung Maximilian (1477) zu Mary von Burgunder bezog ihn zum Schutze von ihrer Erbschaft einschließlich Burgunders, der Provinzen Netherland und Luxemburgs gegen die Designs des Knigs Louis XI von Frankreich mit ein. Durch Tod Marys (1482), hatte Maximilian Franche-Comt, die Grafschaft von Artois und die niedrigen Lnder gesichert, aber ihn erbrachte ein betrchtliches Teil von franzsischsprechendem Burgunder im Vertrag von Arras von 1483 (sehen Sie Arras, Vertrag von). In 1486 wurde er Knig des Romans (, Kaiser-whlen Sie d.h.), gewhlt und einen zunehmenden Anteil der imperialen Aufgaben bis Tod seines Vaters annahm. Nachfolger Louis XI's, Charles VIII, abgelehnt dem Vertrag; außerdem anstatt, Tochter Margaret Maximilian von Ãâ€"sterreich zu heiraten, erzwang er Anne von Bretagne in das Heiraten er (1491), abgesehen von ihrer Verbindung durch Proxy zu widowed Maximilian das vorhergehende Jahr. Erneuerte Kriegsfhrung mit Frankreich wurde vorbergehend durch den Vertrag von Senlis (1493) vereinbart, der im Allgemeinen den Status Quo beibehielt; aber die Frage Burgundian blieb eine Schlsselausgabe in den Relationen Hapsburg mit der franzsischen Krone. Maximilian wurde verwickelt in den italienischen Kriegen , um den Rest der Erbschaft Burgundian wiederzugewinnen und auch Dominions Hapsburg zu erweitern und jede mgliche Extension ...

Workplace report (2000 Words) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Workplace report (2000 Words) - Essay Example Strategic Leadership, innovation and commitment to the stakeholders of the concern are some of the right keywords that can be effectively related to Wal-Mart operating in the international retail paradigm (â€Å"Our Storey†). The Organisational Structure of the Company shown in the Appendix reflects a Hybrid Form where specialised units are created by the concern that focuses on addressing the needs of specific departments and also other international regions. Relating to the departments specific heads are deputed that take care of the legal, merchandising, sourcing, and electronic and web commerce and also financial and corporate affairs of Wal-Mart. Again pertaining to the regions effective decentralisation is practiced by creating heads and deputy heads for international regions relating to Asia and European countries (â€Å"Walmart†). Rational model related to decision-making functions rests mainly along four steps that can be underlined as follows. The Rational Model moves along in firstly Identifying a Potential Problem; secondly the model endeavours to Generate Effective Solutions to the Problem identified, thirdly and fourthly the model probes to Select a Solution from the List of Generated Ones and tends to Evaluate its Feasibility in meeting desired ends respectively. Thus the Rational Model is based on a series of Logical Steps that aims at finding an Optimal Solution to the Problem identified. Rational Model is also based on some assumptions reflecting that the manager takes decisions in a well informed environment (Kreitner and Knicki 337). The Normative Model as rendered by Herbert Simon contrary to the Rational Model tends to operate based on an environment of uncertainty. This model being non-rational in nature tends to follow assumptions wherein the manager is not held to work in an informative work environment such that decisions can be taken in an

Fresh Tec Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Fresh Tec - Case Study Example First, there was the naturally occurring aging and decaying process of fruits and vegetables, known as senescence. Senescence involved transpiration and respiration, processes that went on in the fresh produce even after being detached from the mother-plant. Secondly, the kind of packaging used for delivery and storage did nothing to extend the life of harvested produce or effectively alleviate senescence. Instead, the packaging necessitated quicker, and costlier, options of delivery from the farms to the consumers, and all the agents that fall in-between. Thirdly, the produce was prone to physical injury, temperature injury and disease. The physical injury was mostly caused by shipping produce in splintered or damaged crates and boxes, or the way the shipping was handled. Such injuries presented bacteria with entry points, resulting in diseases. Most modern packinghouses invested in the use of washing and spraying fungicides before shipping to reduce chances of disease, but had no g reat impact on how long the produce could stay after harvesting. Temperature injury was caused by extreme temperatures both during storage and shipping, soon rendering produce unsuitable for the market. Given all these external factors, FreshTec was not well positioned to be much more successful in the industry than other players, because they would all use the same processes and players involved. FreshTec saw a single solution to all the factors degrading the quality of produce in all its processes and stages before finally reaching the consumer; packaging. The right type of packaging could increase the life of produce. The retailers and warehouse operators would be able to keep more stocks for longer without having to throw them away as waste when they went bad (USDA, 2010). The farmers, marketers, brokers and distributors would choose cheaper delivery and shipping methods that, although take longer, keep produce fresh, retain moisture contents and keep produce tasting sweet. This aspect would also enable consumers to have off-season produce that has been stored from the last harvest, because the packaging and storage enables them to last longer. SmartPac, developed by FreshTec, offered customized modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) for any variety of produce. This enabled them to climb an edge above all previous technique. The packaging exchanged heat from the box, allowing sealed contents to be cooled while using a naturally oxidizing sanitation system to sterilize and clean produce during transit. In this way, FreshTec could ensure produce reached the consumer while still fresh, undamaged and naturally sweet. This also eliminates the need of having to harvest farm products before they are optimally ripe. Fresh produce had to be harvested just before ripening in order to allow for senescence during transportation to distant destinations, tempering with natural taste. Question Two FreshTec may use several options to approach the issue of industry adoption o f their new packaging. The first would be to justify the cost of the new packaging, which averaged at an extra $1 to $1.5 in comparison to standard packaging. All this was in view that the new packaging was being launched into a tradition-bound and conservative industry. However, if the produce could still be delivered cheaply for longer periods and reach new markets that were previously inaccessible while still fresh, the pricing burden can easily be shared between the retailers and consumers. With the United States

Data Interpretation Practicum Statistics Project

Data Interpretation Practicum - Statistics Project Example A regression procedure would further help in predicting the injury rate based on working hours. However, discriminant analysis cannot be used. The average working hours in the three states is 2183.07 hour while the average injury rate in the three states is 2.4446. The true population mean for average working hours in the three states is bound between 45575.96 and 54345.61 while true injury rate mean for average working hours in the three states is bound between 10.26 and 20.09. From this output, the correlation coefficient between hours worked and injury rate is -0.636. This implies that as work hours increases, injury rate reduces (p-value ~ 0.000). The test is significant, hence we reject the null hypothesis and conclude that the two variables are correlated. This value is consistent with the observation from a scatterplot of the two variables shown above. A possible explanation for the observation made is that only a few injuries are normally witnessed, hence, increasing the hours worked does not necessarily lead to an increase in the number of injuries. Since injury rate is obtained by dividing the number of hours worked by the number of injuries, the values reduces as hours worked increases. The value of the correlation coefficient does not imply that increasing the number of working hours results into less

Framework for Safeguarding Confidentiality in Children

Framework for Safeguarding Confidentiality in Children When dealing with adults who lack capacity and children, a medical professional often has to make a difficult choice between safeguarding confidentiality and making disclosures to protect the particular patients welfare. CRITICALLY DISCUSS the extent to which the legal framework has so far succeeded when addressing the balancing exercise referred to above and whether confidentiality for these groups of patients is sufficiently safeguarded. Introduction: In this paper, through reference to the jurisprudence of the courts of England and Wales, the author will critically discuss the extent to which the law has managed to strike an appropriate balance between protecting the rights of children and adult patients who lack capacity, on the one hand; and, allowing medical professionals to make disclosures when such disclosures are deemed to be in the best interests of their patients, on the other. The structure of this paper will be as follows: First, the author will examine the legal basis for any rights to confidentiality and non-disclosure that are conferred on children and adult patients who lack capacity, by the law of England and Wales. Second, the author will identify the legal provisions and/or common law decisions which purport to allow medical professionals to act in contravention of these rights, when to do so is deemed in the best interests of their patients. Third, the author will perform a review of the jurisprudence of the courts of England and Wales to determine the legal scope of these justified derogations. Fourth, the author will perform a literature review to indentify the extent to which medical professionals, in practice, manage to apply their discretion appropriately. Finally, the author will review the various mechanisms in place, if any, to review the conduct of medical professionals and hold accountable any medical professionals who fail to adhere to the limits of the discretion conferred upon them by the law of England and Wales. What is/are the legal basis/bases for the right to confidentiality enjoyed by children and adult patients who lack capacity? 2.1 Children patients who lack capacity and their ‘right(s)’ to confidentiality: Before the rights of this select group of patients to confidentiality are examined, it is first important to define what is meant by ‘children patients who lack capacity’. In this context, we are referring to the ‘capacity’ to provide legally valid consent to their doctors or other medical professionals to disclose their confidential medical information to third parties. Under statute, a child patient will be presumed to possess sufficient capacity to consent in the regard the moment that they have attained the age of 16 years. This is provided by section 8 of the Family Law Reform Act 1969, subsection (1) of which provides: â€Å"The consent of a minor who has attained the age of sixteen years to any surgical, medical or dental treatment which, in the absence of consent, would constitute a trespass to his person, shall be as effective as it would be if he were of full age; and where a minor has by virtue of this section given an effective consent to any treatment it shall not be necessary to obtain any consent for it from his parent or guardian.† Of course, this is merely a presumption. A particular child patient may have characteristics which invalidate this consent, even though they are over the age of 16. For example, if they qualify as a person who lacks consent under section 2 of the Mental Capacity Act 2005, which provides that: â€Å"[A] person lacks capacity in relation to a matter if at the material time he is unable to make a decision for himself in relation to the matter because of an impairment of, or a disturbance in the functioning of, the mind or brain.† It matters not whether this ‘impairment’ or ‘disturbance’ is temporary or permanent[1], but assessments must be made on the basis of the actual decision-making capacity of the individual[2], rather than through reference merely to the type of condition or impairment which that child is suffering from[3]. Such assessments are to be made on the balance of probabilities[4], i.e. a child patient who is between 16 and 18 years old wi ll be deemed to lack the necessary capacity to consent if it is more likely than not that he or she is unable to fully appreciate the implications of the decision which needs to be made. A child over the age of 16 may also be deemed to lack capacity to consent when they are physically unable to provide consent; for example, if they are unconscious[5]. Similarly, the presumption that a child under the age of 16 lacks the necessary capacity to consent can be rebutted if, upon an assessment of the decision-making ability of that patient, it is deemed that he or she â€Å"[has] achieve[d] a sufficient understanding and intelligence to enable him or her to understand fully what is proposed.[6]† A minor who possesses this required threshold of understanding and intelligence will be said to be ‘Gillick competent’. However, it is highly unlikely that a child under the age of 13 will ever be deemed so competent[7]. In conclusion, in this paper, when referring to child patients who lack capacity, we are referring (1) to minors who are under the age of 16 but who are not deemed to be Gillick competent; and, (2) to children who are 16 or 17 years of age, but who lack the necessary capacity to provide informed consent, perhaps because they are deemed to fail the test provided by section 3(1) of the Mental Capacity Act 2005; or, perhaps because they are unconscious, and are therefore physically unable to provide any consent whatsoever. Having established the categories of patient to which we are referring, now let us examine the legal bases for their ‘right’ to confidentiality: One such legal basis is provided by the Data Protection Act 1998, which was enacted to give effect to European Council Directive 95/46/EC. This Act creates a legal presumption that personal data may not be processed unless it is lawful to do so[8], it is processed fairly[9] and certain conditions are satisfied. In regard to the conditions which must be satisfied: Schedule 2 and 3 of the 1998 Act provide a list of conditions and, in order for information to be processed in accordance with the Act, at least one condition from both sections must be satisfied[10]. These conditions will be discussed at length in section 3 of this paper, when we turn to examine under what circumstances a medical professional is lawfully justified to make disclosure when it is deemed in the best interests of a patient’s welfare. In regard to the requirement of fairness, in the medical context, Stauch et al (2002) write: â€Å"To be ‘fair’ the data must, in general terms, have been obtained from the patient honestly or in accordance with a legal obligation; the patient must have been told the purposes for which the information is to be processed; and the rules for providing access to the data subject must also have been observed.[11]† In regard to when it is deemed unlawful to process personal medical information, no definition of lawfulness is provided by the Data Protection Act 1998[12]. One can only assume that this refers to the legal requirements provided under the common law and also under the Human Rights Act 1998. Article 8 of the Human Rights Act 1998 provides: â€Å"(1) Everyone has the right to respect for his private and family life, his home and his correspondence. (2) There shall be no interference by a public authority with the exercise of this right except such as is in accordance with the law and is necessary in a democratic society in the interests of national security, public safety or the economic well-being of the country, for the prevention of disorder or crime, for the protection of health or morals, or for the protection of the rights and freedoms of others.† In the recent case of Rose v. Secretary of State for Health [2002][13] it has been held that this right is conferred on all citizens, including children. However, from the wording of the Article, in particular Article 8(2) it is immediately clear that this right to confidentiality is subject to a broad public policy category of exception. The category of exception will be analysed in greater detail in section 3 of t his paper, when we turn to examine under what circumstances a medical professional is lawfully justified to make disclosure when it is deemed in the best interests of a patient’s welfare. In regard to the common law right to privacy, this right is based upon equitable principle and therefore a breach of this right gives rise to a civil law cause of action only. Similar, but distinct, from the law of tort, one of the requirements which needs to be established before a common law right to confidentiality can be deemed to have arisen in any given case is a duty of confidentiality. This might arise from a contractual relationship between the parties or, in the medical context, simply from the fact that medical professionals are duty bound to respect the confidentiality of their patients[14]. However, this duty is also subject to a public interest exception: In this case of W v Edgell [1990][15], it was held by Lord Justice Bingham, who provided the leading judgment in this case, that: â€Å"the law treats such duties not as absolute but as liable to be overridden where there is held to be a stronger public interest in disclosure.[16]† To what extent the welfare of a child patient who lacks capacity to consent can serve as such a ‘public policy’ justification for derogation of this duty by medical professionals will form part of the subject of discussion in section 3 of this paper, below. 2.2 Adult patients who lack capacity and their ‘right(s)’ to confidentiality: An adult patient will be deemed to lack capacity either where he or she is unable, physically, to provide consent to disclosure; or, where that patient is deemed to lack capacity in accordance with the assessment criteria established under section 3 of the Mental Capacity Act 2005. This group of patients enjoy the same rights to confidentiality as the children discussed in the previous subsection of this section of the paper; namely, they have a right under the Data Protection Act 1998 to have their personal data processed fairly and lawfully and only where certain pre-defined conditions has been satisfied; the right to privacy as provided by Article 8(1) of the Human Rights Act 1998 (but, likewise, subject to the public policy exceptions provided by Article 8(2) of that Act); and, the common law right to confidentiality. What is/are the legal basis/bases on which medical professionals are entitled to derogate from the right to confidentiality otherwise enjoyed by their children and adult patients who lack capacity, when derogation is deemed to be in the best interest of their patients’ welfare? In the previous section of this paper, we established that each of the various legal bases for the right to confidentiality and non-disclosure of children and adult patients who lack capacity are subject to exceptions. In regard to the Human Rights Act 1998 and also the common law duty to maintain patient confidentiality, the exception is one based upon considerations of ‘public policy’. In regard to the Data Protection Act 1998, the ‘exceptions’ are provided by Schedule 2 and 3 of the Act which set out a list of conditions, at least one from each schedule of which must be satisfied in order for a medical professional to be deemed entitled to disclose (i.e. ‘process’) the confidential information of his or her patients to 3rd parties. Let us now turn to examine to what extent ‘the welfare of these patients’ can be deemed a legitimate public policy justification for derogating from these patients’ right to confidentiality and also to what extent the conditions provided in schedule 2 and 3 of the Data Protection Act 1998 might be capable of being satisfied by considerations of patient welfare. Before we embark upon this analysis, it is important to remind ourselves of the practical circumstances with which a medical professional might be confronted when treating children or adult patients who lack capacity: First, it should be remembered that such medical professionals will not be able to ask these patients for consent, because they, by definition, are either physically or mentally incapable of providing such consent; and, second, in the context of children patients who lack consent and who are under the age of 16, medical professionals are required by law to involve the parents or legal guardians of those patients in any decision-making processes pertaining to the treatment of their children—therefore issues of disclosure to these types of third party are irrelevant[17]. Bearing these limitations in mind, let us examine the various categories of exception which operate to allow medical professionals to make disclosures in the absence of any consent (but not where consent has been withheld by the parents or legal guardians of the patients in question). The first point to note is that medical professionals are fully entitled to disclose medical information to other medical professionals who are also involved in the treatment of a child or adult patient who lacks capacity. Such disclosure is permissible under the Data Protection Act 1998 because one condition from Schedule 2 and one Condition from Schedule 3 are both satisfied; namely, the condition provided by s6(1) of Schedule 2 to the Act, which staes that, â€Å"[t]he processing is necessary for the purposes of legitimate interests pursued by the data controller or by the third party or parties to whom the data are disclosed, except where the processing is unwarranted in any particular case by reason of prejudice to the rights and freedoms or legitimate interests of the data subject;† and, the condition provided by s8(1) of Schedule 3 to the Act, which provides: â€Å"[t]he processing is necessary for medical purposes and is undertaken by— (a) a health professional , or (b) a person who in the circumstances owes a duty of confidentiality which is equivalent to that which would arise if that person were a health professional..† Such disclosures are made in the interests of the welfare of the patient, although assessments do not need to be made on a case-by-case basis as it is generally assumed that disclosure across medical professionals is legitimate and that consent for such disclosures would not be withheld. In regard to making disclosures to other non-medical parties: The various exceptions identified in the previous section of this paper all depend upon derogation being justified in the ‘public interest’. In regard to Article 8(2) of the Human Rights Act 1998, the words â€Å"necessary in the interests of the protection of health or morals,† does seem to suggest that derogation on grounds of the welfare of a particular patient would be deemed justified. This has been confirmed by the courts in the case of Z v Finland (1998)[18]. In regard to the common law duty to maintain patient confidentiality, we have already cited the case of W v Edgell [1990][19] as providing authority for the assertion that this duty can be overridden by competing public interests. It is highly unlikely that the Courts would wish to undermine the decisions of medical professions in this regard; after all, medical professionals are best qualified to determine how important disclosure is in any given case and therefore whether the duty of confidence should be overridden. As Bainham (2005) writes: â€Å"[I]t is debateable how far the courts would want to question, retrospectively the clinical judgment of the medical profession.[20]† In regard to making disclosures to non-medical 3rd parties under the Data Protection Act 1998, while little direct guidance can be found within the wording of the 1998 Act itself, the General Medical Council (2000), at paragraph 27 of its official publication entitled ‘Confidentiality: Protecting and Providing Information’, seems to suggest that disclosure on grounds of patient welfare will be considered a justified processing aim under the Data Protection Act 1998: â€Å"Disclosure of personal information without consent may be justified in the public interest where failure to do so may expose the patient to risk of death or serious harm. Where the patient [is] exposed to a risk so serious that it outweighs the patient’s privacy interest, you should seek consent to disclosure where practicable. If it is not practicable to seek consent, you should disclose information promptly to an appropriate person or authority.† It must be noted that this guidance notes does not suggest that disclosure will be justified where the risk to the patient is only minor, but provides no insight into how to assess the seriousness of any given welfare risk. Of course, if death is a risk faced by the patient if disclosure is not made, then this will automatically be deemed sufficiently serious. The legal framework: How have the courts of England and Wales purported to strike an appropriate balance between protecting the rights (to confidentiality) of children and adult patients who lack capacity, on the one hand; and, allowing medical professionals to make disclosures when such disclosures are deemed to be in the best interests of their patients, on the other? Much of this analysis has already been conducted in the previous sections of this paper, when determining the extent of patients’ rights to confidentiality and also the extent of medical professionals’ duties of confidentiality to their child and adult patients who lack capacity. However, one key fact has been omitted: Throughout this paper we have seen how many of the exceptions available at law to patients’ rights to confidentiality depend upon a notion of the ‘public interest’. It should be noted that the courts have been reluctant to provide any categorical definitions of this phrase. Rather, they have approached the matter on a case by case basis, with pragmatism. Those cases in which the Courts have held disclosure to be in breach of patients’ rights to confidentiality generally have involved circumstances where information has been released for interests other than those pertaining to the welfare of particular patients. For example, in the case of X v Y [1988][21] Rose J held that the disclosure of medical information for the purposes of protecting other employees was not a sufficient ground upon which to invoke the public interest defence. In cases where the disclosure was made in the interests of that patient, particularly, then the Courts are therefore likely to be more willing to allow the public interest defence to succeed. This makes sense, when one considers that the Courts are generally concerned with the harm or potential for harm caused by a disclosure to the patient over which the sensitive medical information pertains[22]. The Courts and medical professionals should also take into account that it is in the public interest to protect patients’ rights to confidentiality wherever possible. As Leung (2000) notes, if the right to confidentiality is not protected, then this could have far-reaching adverse consequences on the level of healthcare which is able to be provided by the National Health Service—patients will be less willing to be open and honest about sensitive facts, and therefore it may be less easy to diagnose and treat such persons[23]. What, if any, mechanisms are in place to review the conduct of medical professionals and hold accountable any medical professionals who fail to adhere to the limits of the discretion conferred upon them by the law of England and Wales? Of course, the primary mechanism which is in place is the right to private law action which patients are entitled to pursue in the event of a perceived breach of their data protection or privacy rights. The result of such actions will depend upon whether or not, in any given case, the court deems it appropriate to allow the defendant medical professional(s) to enjoy the protection afforded by the public interest defence. As we have argued in the previous section of this paper, where the reasons for disclosure were based solely on considerations of the particular patient’s welfare, then it is highly likely that the claimant’s case will fail. However, not every victim of breach will decide to take legal action and therefore it is not wholly appropriate to rely upon this mechanism to ensure that medical professionals remain compliant with their data protection and confidentiality duties. That having been said, this author can find no evidence of any other mechanisms which have been developed to measure compliance in this regard. Conclusions: The statement at the top of this paper suggests that it is difficult for medical professionals to decide whether or not to disclose personal information of children and adult patients who lack capacity to 3rd parties, when to do so is in the interests of the welfare of their particular patients. In fact, as we have seen, so long as the interests contemplated really are based upon considerations of patient welfare, then this decision is not a difficult one at all: Disclosure is such cases should be made. The fact that the patients themselves are unable to provide consent or, more importantly, withhold it, makes this assessment all the more easy. In regard to how well the law manages to safeguard the rights of children and adult patients who lack capacity to confidentiality: These rights are all, without exception, conditional and capable of being overridden in the public interest. While the Courts do seem to approach determinations of when the public interest defence should be allowed to succeed in a pragmatic and sensible way, taking into account the harm caused by each breach in question; it is arguable that some form of monitoring and accountability mechanism should be introduced at the practitioner level, to ensure that medical professionals are remaining compliant even where their patients, for whatever reasons, do not decide to take legal action for perceived breaches of their data protection and privacy rights. References: The Data Protection Act 1998 The Data Protection Directive, European Directive 95/46/EC The Human Rights Act 1998 The Mental Capacity Act 2005 Rose v. Secretary of State for Health [2002] 2 F.L.R. 962 Bainham, A. (2005) Children: The Modern Law. Jordan Publishing. Gillick v West Norfolk and Wisbech Area Health Authority [1985] 3 All ER 402 GMC (2000) Confidentiality: Protecting and Providing Information. Available online at http://www.gmc-uk.org/guidance/current/library/confidentiality.asp W v Edgell [1990] 1 ALL ER 835 Z v Finland (1998) 25 EHRR 371 X v Y [1988] 2 All ER 648. Devereux, J., and Moore, R. (2002) Medical Law. Routledge and Cavendish Publishing, 2002. Stauch, M., Wheat, K., and Tingle, J. (2002) Sourcebook on Medical Law. Routledge Publishing,2002. Bailey, P. Harbour, A. (1999) The law and a child’s consent to treatment (England and Wales). Child Psychology and Psychiatry Review, 4, 30–34. Wei, G. (2002) An Introduction to Genetic Engineering, Life Sciences and the Law. NUS Press Publishing, 2002. Leung, W. (2000) Law for Doctors. Blackwell Publishing, 2000. Footnotes [1] Section 2(2) of the Mental Capacity Act 2005. [2] The applicable criteria are provided by section 3(1) to (4) of the Mental Capacity Act 2005. [3] Section 2(3)(2) of the Mental Capacity Act 2005. [4] Section 2(4) of the Mental Capacity Act 2005. [5] Not merely asleep! [6] Gillick v West Norfolk and Wisbech Area Health Authority [1985] 3 All ER 402, per Lord Scarman. [7] Bailey and Harbour (1999) p32 [8] Schedule 1, Part 1, section 1 of the Data Protection Act 1998. [9] Schedule 1, Part 1, section 1 of the Data Protection Act 1998. [10] Schedule 1, Part 1, section 1(a) and (b) of the Data Protection Act 1998. [11] Stauch et al (2002) p282 [12] Ibid. [13] Rose v. Secretary of State for Health [2002] 2 F.L.R. 962 [14] For example, [15] W v Edgell [1990] 1 Ch 359. [16] Cited by Devereux and Moore (2002) p343 [17] As Bainham (2005) p330 writes: â€Å"But what of immature children who would fail the test of Gillick competence? Here, the obvious implication of Gillick was that the parent’s right to give or withhold consent would remain intact, and this has been confirmed by the later Court of Appeal decisions. Are there, then, any circumstances under which a doctor may act against parental wishes because he judges it in the clild’s best interests to do so? It must be said that, as the law stands, this would be a precarious course of action† [18] Z v Finland (1998) 25 EHRR 371 [19] W v Edgell [1990] 1 Ch 359. [20] Bainham (2005) p331 [21] X v Y [1988] 2 All ER 648. [22] Wei (2002) p95 [23] Leung (2000) p45

Voice Over Internet Protocol Attacks Essay -- Information Technology

Definition: VoIP or Voice over Internet Protocol, is a type of transmissions medium that is responsible for the delivery of real-time voice and data communication. Unlike its analog predecessor in which the transport functionality was routed via the public switched telephone network (PSTN), calls are now converted from an analog signal to a digital format, which is what the Internet Protocol (IP) uses for transmission and delivery, making VoIP possible. Several other key processes, such as signaling, authentication, security, call control, and voice compression, are established by VoIP prior to and during the call setup phase. (Harper, 2011) Essentially, VoIP converts your voice into a digital signal that is sent via the internet. The signal is converted to a standard phone signal before it goes to a land line. There are a few ways that VoIP calls are made; computer to computer, computer to a network, and network to network. How VoIP works The way VoIP works is by using what is called an analog telephone adaptor (ATA). The ATA allows you to connect your phone line to your computer and that allows you to make phone calls across the Internet. The ATA converts the signal from analog to digital. The analog signal is taken from your regular phone and makes it a digital signal so that it can be transmitted through the Internet. One of the most popular providers for VoIP services is Vonage. AT&T is also a provider that uses VoIP and they include an ATA as part of its VoIP service. The setup is actually pretty straightforward, and is a pretty simple installation. Basically, what is required is plugging your phone line into the ATA, and running a phone line out of the ATA into your computer. Tools of the trade I... ...ding_voip.pdf Edwards, J. (2007, January 11). Voip scams, phishing, and denial of service attacks. Retrieved from http://www.voip-news.com/feature/voip-scams-phishing-dos-011107/ Harper, Allen; Shon Harris; Jonathan Ness; Chris Eagle; Gideon Lenkey; Terron Williams (2011-01-12). Gray Hat Hacking The Ethical Hackers Handbook, 3rd Edition (Kindle Locations 7554-7557). McGraw-Hill Osborne Media. Kindle Edition. Harper, Allen; Shon Harris; Jonathan Ness; Chris Eagle; Gideon Lenkey; Terron Williams (2011-01-12). Gray Hat Hacking The Ethical Hackers Handbook, 3rd Edition (Kindle Location 7554). McGraw-Hill Osborne Media. Kindle Edition. Harper, Allen; Shon Harris; Jonathan Ness; Chris Eagle; Gideon Lenkey; Terron Williams (2011-01-12). Gray Hat Hacking The Ethical Hackers Handbook, 3rd Edition (Kindle Locations 7552-7554). McGraw-Hill Osborne Media. Kindle Edition.

Man’s True Nature Essay

In Hsun Tzu’s, â€Å"Man’s Nature is Evil† the author explains why the human characteristics are wicked. The author uses basic illustrations of people’s jealousy and envy to prove that human nature is truly evil. Tzu’s essay proves through many examples that man’s nature is evil, and that everything that is considered good comes from people that go against their â€Å"evil nature† to make the concept of morality. Hsun Tzu’s â€Å"Man’s Nature is Evil† is a great analysis of human nature to suppose that in fact, man’s nature is truly evil. The writer uses metaphors and history of human kind to support his reasoning. This paper will analyze Tzu’s essay and propose with supporting facts that man’s nature is justifiably evil. Hsun Tzu enlightens the reader with evidence to establish that man’s nature is evil. Tzu explains how human kind is full of jealousy and rooted with sin. Hsun says man, â€Å"†¦is born with a fondness for profit.† He also says man is born with feelings of jealousy and hate. If man indulges in these, it will lead up to violence and crime. This is a prime example that man is born evil because signs of jealously and envy are stained in the most raw form of human kind. A prime example of this is how man is competitive. He struggles to do better than his fellow human. People try to get better jobs, nicer houses, bigger cars, and the scariest thing now is that they perform surgery to enhance their physical appeal. People of all ages are always jealous of someone else, regardless if they have money, good looks, or fame. These feelings are the root to evil and sin. Tzu continues his influence by speaking on how one must be taught the â€Å"rules† society sets forth so that they don’t become a criminal. If man were truly a good creature, would he even need rules to follow? Or would we need some form of society to place these rules? It is obvious by Tzu’s terms that if we have to ask these questions then man’s roots are questionable as well. He also implies that the only reason we have these â€Å"set of laws† is because a person was thinking outside of their nature. Tzu refers to these â€Å"conscious thinkers† as the Sages of society. Tzu continues by saying that good only comes from conscious activity, therefore asserting man’s nature as sinful and evil. Another way to think of this is using children as an example of human nature. Kids are taught how to behave and act by their parents. If nobody taught these children how to act, they would just act off of their instinct and nature. When kids are with their parents at grocery stores, they just grab what they want without knowing the consequences of stealing. Parents teach morals and instill ethics in the adolescent youth. Children don’t know any better about stealing and sharing until they are taught that. This proves that humans in their juvenile state (children) are selfish and only think for themselves. The only way that they â€Å"learn† how to be good is to be taught. This is the point Tzu was trying to reach. Mothers and fathers discipline their children and tell them to be â€Å"good†. Kids act off of impulse and natural feelings. If their natural feelings aren’t to be good, they must be the latter. This clearly suggests that man’s evil nature. In â€Å"Man’s Nature is Evil†, Hsun Tzu effectively criticizes his detractor, Mencius, who believes man’s nature is good. Arguing Tzu’s point, Mencius states â€Å"man is capable of learning because his nature is good.† Tzu criticizes Mencius for not knowing the difference between basic nature and conscious activity. Basic nature is how someone would react without having been taught how to approach a situation. Hsun’s main argument against Mencius is that he doesn’t understand the concept of basic nature and consciousness. Conscious activity is applying what you have been taught. This is the theme of Tzu’s belief that man is taught to be good and originally evil in nature. Continuing this theme, Tzu explains conscious activity by explaining the work of a carpenter is not his nature; it is in fact conscious activity. This is an effective analogy because it suggests that a carpenter must be taught his trade, it is not his basic nature. Man doesn’t know specific rules without being taught them. The Sages who think consciously are the basis of our rules. A basketball player wouldn’t know how to dribble a ball unless he was taught how. A man who knows nothing about the game, wouldn’t even know were to start from. Tzu applies this to humans’ nature in general. Suggesting that man is not good in nature, and that good is the product of conscious activity is the authors’ main point. Tzu states that, â€Å"Every man that desires to do good does so precisely because his nature is evil.† The authors’ evidence for this is the idea how a poor man strives to be rich or an ugly man longs to be beautiful. People want things that they don’t already have. This is incorporated in our society. This is the idea of popularity and stature. If subject A has something subject B doesn’t, it is in subject B’s nature to strive to acquire it. Tzu states this thought of striving to be good as an evil nature. Man isn’t born with â€Å"ritual principles†. Tzu explains life without â€Å"ritual principles† as â€Å"†¦chaotic and full of irresponsibility†. Therefore it proves Tzu’s theory of not being good in nature and we acquire it from conscious activity. The author compares warped wood to the core roots of mans evil and twisted nature. As with a warped board, it must be straightened by a straightening board and steamed and forced into shape. The writer uses this as a metaphor to compare an evil man to the warped board, and the sage kings were the straightening mechanism to conform the individual. This goes back to the idea that man is bad or evil in nature. Man is taught or forced to conform to societies rules. If these rules were not in place, man would go back to his origin of evilness. Tzu ends his argument with an appropriate analogy: â€Å"A person with two feet is theoretically capable of walking to every corner of the earth, although in fact no one has ever found it possible to do so.† Walking the earth suggests that we are all capable of acting good due to our conscious activity, but not every man will attempt to change their basic instincts. This is due to man acting only on nature. Tzu implies that if one was to think consciously, they would be acting righteously and not evil. This is the only basic problem in his arguments. But it is easily countered by looking at the foundation of humans in general. If mans nature was good, wouldn’t there be more sages compared to the rest of the population? Throughout Tzu’s essay â€Å"Man’s Nature is Evil†, the writer gives details why  the human is rooted to evil. The author, Tzu, employs fundamental instances of people’s jealousy and envy to confirm that human nature is beyond doubt evil. Tzu’s paper proves through many examples that man’s nature is evil, and that everything that is measured good comes from the small group of conscious thinkers that go against their â€Å"evil nature† to make the idea of morality. Hsun Tzu’s, â€Å"Man’s Nature is Evil†, is a excellent investigation of human nature to prove that in fact, man’s nature is justly evil. The author uses metaphors and facts of the human class to hold up his way of thinking. So ultimately man’s nature is indeed evil.

Corazon Aquino, First Female Philippines President

Corazon Aquino, First Female Philippines President Corazon Aquino (January 25, 1933–August 1, 2009) was the first female president of the Philippines, serving from 1986–1992. She was the wife of Filipino opposition leader Benigno Ninoy Aquino and began her political career in 1983 after dictator Ferdinand Marcos had her husband assassinated. Fast Facts: Corazon Aquino Known For: Leader of People Power movement and the 11th president of the PhilippinesAlso Known As: Maria Corazon  Cory  Cojuangco AquinBorn: January 25, 1933 in Paniqui, Tarlac, PhilippinesParents: Jose Chichioco Cojuangco and Demetria Metring SumulongDied: August 1, 2009 in Makati,  Metro Manila, PhilippinesEducation: Ravenhill Academy and Notre Dame Convent School in New York, College of Mount St. Vincent  in New York City, law school at the Far Eastern University in ManilaAwards and Honors:  J. William Fulbright Prize for International Understanding, chosen by  Time  Magazine  as one of the 20 Most Influential Asians of the 20th century and one of 65 great Asian HeroesSpouse: Ninoy AquinoChildren: Maria Elena, Aurora Corazon, Benigno III Noynoy, Victoria Elisa, and Kristina BernadetteNotable Quote: I  would rather die  a  meaningful death than  to  live  a  meaningless life. Early Life   Maria Corazon Sumulong Conjuangco was born on January 25, 1933, in Paniqui, Tarlac, located in central Luzon, Philippines, north of Manila. Her parents were Jose Chichioco Cojuangco and Demetria Metring Sumulong, and the family was of mixed Chinese, Filipino, and Spanish descent. The family surname is a Spanish version of the Chinese name Koo Kuan Goo. The Cojuangcos owned a sugar plantation covering 15,000 acres  and were among the wealthiest families in the province. Cory was the couples sixth child of eight. Education in the U.S. and the Philippines As a young girl, Corazon Aquino was studious and shy. She also showed a devout commitment to the Catholic Church from an early age. Corazon went to expensive private schools in Manila through age 13, when her parents sent her to the United States for high school. Corazon went first to Philadelphias Ravenhill Academy and then the Notre Dame Convent School in New York, graduating in 1949. As an undergraduate at the College of Mount St. Vincent in New York City, Corazon Aquino majored in French. She also was fluent in Tagalog, Kapampangan, and English. After her 1953 graduation from college, Corazon moved back to Manila to attend law school at the Far Eastern University. There, she met a young man from one of the Philippines other wealthy families, a fellow student named Benigno Aquino, Jr. Marriage and Life as a Housewife Corazon Aquino left law school after just one year to marry Ninoy Aquino, a journalist with political aspirations. Ninoy soon became the youngest governor ever elected in the Philippines, and then was elected as the youngest ever member of the Senate in 1967. Corazon concentrated on raising their five children: Maria Elena (b. 1955), Aurora Corazon (1957), Benigno III Noynoy (1960), Victoria Elisa (1961), and Kristina Bernadette (1971). As Ninoys career progressed, Corazon served as a gracious hostess and supported him. However, she was too shy to join him on stage during his campaign speeches, preferring to stand at the back of the crowd and watch. In the early 1970s, money was tight and Corazon moved the family to a smaller home and even sold part of the land she had inherited in order to fund his campaign. Ninoy had become an outspoken critic of Ferdinand Marcoss regime  and was expected to win the 1973 presidential elections  since Marcos was term-limited and could not run according to the Constitution. However, Marcos declared martial law on September 21, 1972, and abolished the Constitution, refusing to relinquish power. Ninoy was arrested and sentenced to death, leaving Corazon to raise the children alone for the next seven years. Exile for the Aquinos In 1978, Ferdinand Marcos decided to hold parliamentary elections, the first since his imposition of martial law, in order to add a veneer of democracy to his rule. He fully expected to win, but the public overwhelmingly supported the opposition, led in absentia by the jailed Ninoy Aquino. Corazon did not approve of Ninoys decision to campaign for parliament from prison, but she dutifully delivered campaign speeches for him. This was a key turning point in her life, moving the shy housewife into the political spotlight for the first time. Marcos rigged the election results, however, claiming more than 70 percent of the parliamentary seats in a clearly fraudulent result. Meanwhile, Ninoys health was suffering from his long imprisonment. U.S. President Jimmy Carter personally intervened, asking Marcos to allow the Aquino family to go into medical exile in the States. In 1980, the regime allowed the family to move to Boston. Corazon spent some of the best years of her life there, reunited with Ninoy, surrounded by her family, and out of the scrum of politics. Ninoy, on the other hand, felt obligated to renew his challenge to the Marcos dictatorship once he had recovered his health. He began to plan a return to the Philippines. Corazon and the children stayed in America while Ninoy took a circuitous route back to Manila. Marcos knew he was coming, though, and had Ninoy assassinated as he got off the plane on August 21, 1983. Corazon Aquino was a widow at the age of 50. Corazon Aquino in Politics Millions of Filipinos poured into the streets of Manila for Ninoys funeral. Corazon led the procession with quiet grief and dignity  and went on to lead protests and political demonstrations as well. Her calm strength under horrific conditions made her the center of anti-Marcos politics in the Philippines- a movement known as People Power. Concerned by the massive street demonstrations against his regime that continued for years, and perhaps deluded into believing that he had more public support than he actually did, Ferdinand Marcos called new presidential elections in February of 1986. His opponent was Corazon Aquino. Aging and ill, Marcos did not take the challenge from Corazon Aquino very seriously. He noted that she was just a woman, and said that her proper place was in the bedroom. Despite massive turnout by Corazons People Power supporters, the Marcos-allied parliament declared him the winner. Protestors poured into the Manila streets once more and top military leaders defected to Corazons camp. Finally, after four chaotic days, Ferdinand Marcos and his wife Imelda were forced to flee into exile in the United States. President Corazon Aquino On February 25, 1986, as a result of the People Power Revolution, Corazon Aquino became the first female president of the Philippines. She restored democracy to the country, promulgated a new constitution, and served until 1992. President Aquinos tenure was not entirely smooth, however. She pledged agrarian reform and land redistribution, but her background as a member of the landed classes made this a difficult promise to keep. Corazon Aquino also convinced the U.S. to withdraw its military from remaining bases in the Philippines- with help from Mt. Pinatubo, which erupted in June 1991 and buried several military installations. Marcos supporters in the Philippines staged a half dozen coup attempts against Corazon Aquino during her term in office, but she survived them all in her low-key yet stubborn political style. Although her own allies urged her to run for a second term in 1992, she adamantly refused. The new 1987 Constitution forbade second terms, but her supporters argued that she was elected before the constitution came into effect and did not apply to her. Retirement Years and Death Corazon Aquino supported her Defense Secretary Fidel Ramos in his candidacy to replace her as president. Ramos won the 1992 presidential election in a crowded field, although he was far short of a majority of the vote. In retirement, former President Aquino frequently spoke out on political and social issues. She was particularly vocal in opposing later presidents attempts to amend the constitution to allow themselves extra terms in office. She also worked to reduce violence and homelessness in the Philippines. In 2007, Corazon Aquino publicly campaigned for her son Noynoy when he ran for the Senate. In March 2008, Aquino announced she had been diagnosed with colorectal cancer. Despite aggressive treatment, she passed away on August 1, 2009, at the age of 76. She did not get to see her son Noynoy elected president; he took power on June 30, 2010. Legacy Corazon Aquino had a tremendous impact on her nation and on the worlds perception of women in power. She has been described as both the mother of Philippine democracy and as the housewife who led a revolution. Aquino has been honored, both during and after her lifetime, with major international awards including the United Nations Silver Medal, the Eleanor Roosevelt  Human Rights Award, and the Womens International Center International Leadership Living Legacy Award. Sources â€Å"Corazon C. Aquino.†Ã‚  Presidential Museum and Library.Editors of the Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica. Corazon Aquino.  Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica.  Maria Corazon Cojuangco Aquino.  National Historical Commission of the Philippines.